CLAUSE

CLAUSE ( বাক্যাংশ )

CLAUSE: যে সকল word বা শব্দ সমষ্টি Subject এবং finite verb থাকা সত্ত্বেও তারা যখন এখটি বৃহত্র sentence এর অংশ হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয় , তখন তাদেরকে clause বলে।

Clause তিন প্রকার। যথাঃ

1)  Principle Clause . (প্রধান বাক্যাংশ )

2) Sub- ordinate clause. ( অধিনস্ত বাক্যাংশ )

3) Co-ordinate clause. (  যুক্ত বাক্যাংশ )

**Principle clause: যে বাক্যাংশ স্বাধীনভাবে নিজের অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে তাকে Principle clause বলে।

যেমনঃ I play football.

**Sub-ordinate clause: যে বাক্যাংশ স্বাধীনভাবে নিজের অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না। অন্যের সাহায্য বা Principle clause এর সাহায্য লাগে, তাকে Sub-ordinate clause বলে যেমনঃ

        I know   that he is guilty.

     

      Principle clause   Sub-ordinate clause

More Example:

1)  He eat rice.---- principle clause.

2) It is a book.---- principle clause.

3) If it rains  , I won’t go out.

  Sub-ordinate clause    principle clause

4) If you come , I will meet you.

   Sub-ordinate clause    principle clause.

**Co-ordinate clause: যে বাক্যাংশ দুই বা ততোধিক principle clause , co-ordinating conjunction  দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়ে যে clause  গঠন করে তাকে co-ordinate clause বলে।                                                                  

He is rich but he is unhappy.

P.c.   co-ordinating

        conjunction         p.c.

যেমনঃ He is poor   but   he is honest.

 

  Principle clause   co-ordinating   principle clause

            Conjunction

Co-ordinate conjunctions:

1)  And.

2) But.

3) And…………...so.

4) Not only……………………But also.

5) Neither……………nor.

6) Either……………..or.

Simple Sentence: যে sentence এ একটি মাত্র subject(কর্তা) এবং একটি মাত্র finite verb(সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া) থাকে তাকে Simple Sentence বলে। Examples- Mr. Karim is a good boy, The Boys play football, Because of his illness , he could not attend at SUNSHINE. এখানে, is, play, attend etc. হচ্ছে finite verb।

Complex Sentence: যে: যে sentence এ একটি মাত্র Principle clause  এবং এক বা একাধিক      Sub-ordinate clause থাকে তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।Examples-                                  1.The teacher returned the homework   after she noticed the error.

     principle clause             Sub-ordinate clause   

2.If you come , I will meet you.

   Sub-ordinate    principle clause

Compound Sentence: যে sentence-এ দুই বা ততোধিক principle clause , co-ordinating conjunction  দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়ে তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।  Examples-                                                                                      I tried to speak Spanish and my friend tried to speak English.

 Principle clause   co-ordinating   principle clause

          Conjunction

Narration / Speech

Narration / Speech (Dw³)

Ø Narration Kx?

          Avgiv hv ewj (what we say) ZvB nj Narration ev Dw³|

Ø Kinds of Narration

           Narration `yÕcªKvi| h_v:

1.      Direct Narration         2. Indirect Narration

Note: Bs‡iwR‡Z K_v ejv ev †jLvi mgq GB `yÕcÖKvi Narration e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|

1.      Direct Narration: e³v hv e‡j Zv hLb Avgiv AweKj Avgv‡`i †jLvq Zz‡j awi ZLb Zv‡K Direct Narration e‡j| 

2.     Indirect Narration: e³v hv e‡j Zvi A‡_©i cwieZ©b bv K‡i Avgiv hLb Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i fvlvq Zv Dc¯’vcb Kwi ZLb Zv‡K  Indirect Narration e‡j|

          Direct Narration `yÕAs‡k fvM _v‡K| h_v-   

1.      Reporting verb    2. Reported speech

         wb‡P GKwU Direct Narration  D‡j­L Kiv nj:

          Mita said, “I will go with you.”

     GLv‡b Said n‡jv reporting verb I inverted comma Gi wfZ‡ii Ask‡K reported speech e‡j| 

          Direct Sentence ‡K indirect sentence   Ki‡Z wZbwU welq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq|

1.       Possessive case   2. Tense    3. Person

Possessive Case

   †h mKj Word,  sentence Gi Aci †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¯‘i mv‡_ Zvi AwaKvi ev m¤cK© cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K                         Possessive case e‡j| wb‡P Possessive case গুলো †`Iqv nj: 

Subject	Object	Possessive Case
I	me	my
You	you	yours
We	Us	Our
He	Him	His
She	Her	Her
They	Them	Their
It	It	It’s

Tense Gi cwieZ©b

Reported speech of direct	Reported speech of indirect
i)                   Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite
ii)                 Present Continuous	Past Continuous
iii)               Present Perfect	Past Perfect
iv)               Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
v)                 Past Indefinite	Past Perfect
vi)               Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
vii)             Past Perfect	AcwiewZ©Z
viii)           Past Perfect Continuous	AcwiewZ©Z

Dc‡iv³ cwieZ©b nq ZLb, hLb Direct narration-G Reporting verb Past tense-G nq| 

Direct narration-G Reporting verb hw` present tense ev future tense

G nq, Z‡e indirect narration-G  reported speech AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

Ø Indirect Narration G  Reporting verb Gi cwieZ©b: 

·        Direct  Narration-G  say  _vK‡j, Indirect-G  say ev  tell nq|

·        Direct Narration-G  said _vK‡j,, Indirect said nq|

·        Direct Narration-G  said to _vK‡j, Indirect  told nq|

·        Direct Narration-G  will say _vK‡j, Indirect  will say nq|

Direct Narration-G Reporting verb Past tense G n‡j, Indirect Narration-G Reported speech-G wKQy verb Gi cwieZ©b Kiv nj: 

i)       May, indirect narration-G n‡e  might

ii)     Will n‡e  would

iii)      Shall n‡e  should

iv)         Can n‡e  could

Person-Gi cwieZ©b

1.  Reported Speech-G subject 1^st Person _vK‡j Z‡e 1^st Person, Indirect  nevi mgq  Reporting verb Gi  subject †K wb‡`©k K‡i|

2.  Reported speech-G subject 2^nd person _vK‡j Z‡e 2^nd  person, indirect nevi mgq  reporting verb Gi object-†K wb‡`©k K‡i|

3.     Reported speech-G  subject 3^rd person _vK‡j Z‡e 3^rd  person  AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

  GQvov Indirect nIqvi mgq wKQy word-Gi cwieZ©b nq| wb‡P †hme word উল্লেখ Kiv nj:

Direct	Indirect	Direct	Indirect
This ( Pronoun)	That	These	Those
Here	There	Ago	Before
Come	Go	Hence	Thence
Thus	So	Now	Then
Today	That day	Tonight	That night
Tomorrow	The next day / the following day	Yesterday	The previous day / the day before
Must	Had to	This day	That day
This week	That week	This month	That month
This year	That week	Last day	The previous day
Last week	The previous week	Last month	The previous month
Last year	The previous year	This (adjective)	The
at once	Just then

·        ïaygvG Last থাকলে Gi cwieZ©b nq bv|

Ø Some Information’s:

·        Direct narration-G memgq   inverted comma  e¨envi Kiv nq|

·        Indirect narration-G  inverted comma  e¨envi Kiv nq bv|

·        Indirect narration-G full stop Qvov †Kv‡bv iKg  punctuation marks  e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv|

·         wPišZb mZ¨ A_v©r, Universal truth  cÖKvk Ki‡j Zvi tense AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K|

·        Sentence Gi aiY Abymv‡i   Reporting verb  I Reported speech-Gi gv‡S that / ask / if / whether / inquire / to  ev  W/H Question  e‡m|

·        Have, has Gi past participle form n‡jv had.

·        Am, is, are Gi P.P form n‡jv been.

·        Reported speech Gi cª_g word hw` that nq, Z‡e  that  Gi cwie‡Z©  it  nq| †hgb-  

Direct:    Rita said, “That is good,”

Indirect:  Rita said that it was good.

Ø Sentence  Abymv‡i Narration Change:

Assertive sentence-Gi narration change:

Rules:

1.     Reporting verb-G  said to ev  said  Gi cwie‡Z© told  n‡e|

2.     Reporting verb  ও reported speech-Gi gv‡S  that  em‡e|

3.     Tense, person, case cwieZ©b করতে হয় ।

Examples:

1.     Direct:  He said to me, “I am ill.”

Indirect: He told me that he was ill.

2.     Direct: He says, “I do not go to school to day.”

Indirect: He says that he does not go to school that day.

Narration change of interrogative sentence

  Direct narration †K indirect narration Kivi wbqg:

Rules:

1.     Reporting verb G said / said to _vK‡j  asked, enquired of , demanded of, wanted to know  প্রভৃতি e‡m|

2.     Yes/No Question-Gi †¶‡G reporting verb ও reported speech-Gi gv‡S if  ev whether  e‡m|

3.     W/H Question-Gi †¶‡G  reporting verb ও reported speech-Gi gv‡S inverted comma Gi wfZ‡i _vKv  W/H Question wU Avm‡e| Gi ci  subject Ges verb  নিয়ম অনুসারে বসবে|

Direct ‡K indirect Kiv interrogative sentence Gi 

Examples:

1.     Direct: I said to him, “Are you hungry?” 

Indirect: I asked him if he was hungry.

2.     Direct: Arif said, “What do you want?”

Indirect:  Arif asked what I wanted

Narration change of imperative sentence

Direct narration ‡K indirect narration Kivi wbqg:

Rules:

1.      Reporting verb-G  said / said to  _vK‡j wb‡Pi wbq‡g cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq:

Reported speech Av‡`k eySv‡j indirectGi mgq reporting verb, order /command n‡e,Aby‡iva eySv‡j request, Dc‡`k eySv‡j advise, wb‡la eySv‡j forbid.

2.     Reporting verb ও reported speech Gi gv‡S  to Ges পরে verb Gi base form n‡e|

3.     Reported speech-G নাবোধক বাক্য উল্লেখ  _vK‡j, to Gi wVK Av‡M  indirect  Kivi mgq  not n‡e| Z‡e  said/said to-Gi ¯’‡j  advise  n‡e| অথবা reporting verb (said/said to-Gi ¯’‡j ) এর পরিবর্তে  forbid বসে।

Examples:

1.     Direct: He says, “Go out,”

Indirect:  He orders to go out.

2.     Direct: Rahim said, “Don’t run in the sun.”

Indirect:  Rahim forbade to run in the sun.

Ø   Let hy³ imperative sentence †K  indirect Kivi wbqg:

1.      Reporting verb wU  propose to-G cwieZ©b nq|

2.     Reporting verb  ও  reported speech-Gi gv‡S that  n‡e|

3.     That  Gi ci subject  em‡e|  subject  wU  person Abymv‡i  we/they/you  nq|

4.     Subject-Gi c‡i  let  Gi ¯’‡j should/shall  _vK‡e|

   Dc‡iv³ wbqg ïaygvG let + us _vK‡j n‡e|

Ø   Let + 1^st person/ 3^rd person _vK‡j †h wbq‡g  indirect n‡e Zv wbæiƒc:

1.     Reporting verb wU order/command/request  ev  AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e| 

2.     Reported speech Gi Av‡M  that n‡e|

3.     That  Gi ci subject ( we, they, you, He) person Abymv‡i  change   n‡e| 

4.     Let Gi cwie‡Z©  might/might be allowed to , subject G c‡i em‡e|

Ø   Let us hy³ imperative sentence Gi  person change

1.     Reporting verb  subject ev  object G first person  _vK‡j  indirect G  reported speech Gi  subject, 1^st person Gi  plural form  n‡e|

2.     1^st person bv _vK‡j  2^nd person  Av‡Q bvwK †`L‡Z n‡e| hw` _v‡K Zvn‡j 2^nd person Gi  plural form n‡e|

3.      hw` 1<sup>st</sup> ev  2<sup>nd</sup> person  †Kv‡bvwUB bv _v‡K Z‡e,  3<sup>rd</sup> person Av‡Q bvwK †`L‡Z n‡e| hw` _v‡K Zvn‡j, 3^rd person Gi  plural form  n‡e|

Let us cwieZ©‡bi wbqg:(subject+object)

1.     I + you       =     We	6.  They + us       =   We	11.  I + her                =    We
2.     He + 0        =    They	7.  He +   us         =   They	12.  Karim + Rahim  =   They
3.     He +   me    =    We	8.  He +   you      =   You	13.  We + Him          =    We
4.     He +   us     =    We	9.  Rahim + You =   you
5.     They + me  =     We	10.  I + her           =   We

Note:  Dc‡ii cÖ_‡gi Letter wU nj Reporting verb Gi subject Ges Ab¨wU nj object.

Examples:

1.     Direct: Mother said to me, “ Let us go home,”

Indirect: Mother proposed to me that we should go home.

2.     Direct: The teacher said, “Let him do it.”

Indirect: The teacher said that he might be allowed to do it.

Optative Sentence Gi Narration change

   Direct narration †K indirect Kivi wbqg:

Rules:

1.     Reporting verb wU  pray/wish G cwieZ©b n‡e| Reported speech G Allah/God  উল্লেখ Ki‡j  pray  n‡e, Avi †KvbwKQy উল্লেখ bv _vK‡j wish n‡e|

2.     Reporting verb ও reported speech Gi gv‡S that  e‡m|

3.     Person change  করতে হবে|

Examples:

1.     Direct: Mother said, “May Allah bless you.” 

Indirect:  Mother prayed that Allah might bless me.

2.     Direct: The teacher said, “May you prosper in life.”

Indirect: The teacher wished that I might prosper in life.

Narration change of exclamatory sentence

   Direct narration †K indirect Kivi wbqg:

Rules:

1.      Reporting verb ও  reported speech  Gi gv‡S  that  em‡e|

2.     Exclamatory sentence  hw`  what  ev how  Øviv n‡j, Zv‡`i cwie‡Z©  noun  Gi c~‡e© great ও  adjective Gi c~‡e©  very  ev greatly  e‡m|

3.     Reporting verb Gi cwie‡Z© hw`  reported speech G `ytL †evSvq, Z‡e  exclaimed with sorrow, hw` Avb›` †evSvq Z‡e  exclaimed with joy/ delight,  hw` we¯§q †evSvq Z‡e exclaimed with wonder/surprise  n‡e|

Examples:

1.     Direct: Arif said, “How helpless I am.”

Indirect: Arif exclaimed with sorrow that he was very helpless.

2.     Direct: Rafiq said, “What a fool I am.”

Indirect: Rafiq exclaimed with sorrow that he was a great fool.

wKQy e¨wZµgx Narration Ges Vocatives

Vocatives:  hLb Sentence Gi †Kv‡bv noun †K m‡¤^vab K‡i wKQy ejv nq, ZLb H noun †K vocative case e‡j| †hgb- Rifat, Come here.

Note: Vocative case ‡K  indirect Kivi wbw`©ó wbqg †bB| Z‡e  vocative case, indirect  Kivi mgq ev` †`Iqv hvq, Avevi bv w`‡jI mgm¨v nq bv| hw`  reporting verb Gi c‡i object Ges reported speech G  vocative case  _v‡K, ZLb wb‡Pi wbq‡g indirect  Ki‡Z nq:

Addressing + reporting verb Gi object + as+ vocative + reporting verb Gi subject + sentence  Gi aiY Abymv‡i reporting verb cwieZ©b+ that/to/asked (sentence Gi aiY Abymv‡i) + tense I person cwieZ©b Kiv|

 

Examples:

1.     Direct: Father said, “Rafiq go to school.”

Indirect: Father ordered rafiq to go to school.

2.     Direct: The thief said to the mohsin, “Sir, I am very poor.”

Indirect: Addressing Mohsin as sir the thief told that he was very poor.

wb‡P KwZcq e¨wZµgx Narration  Gi D`vniY †`Iqv nj:

3.     Direct: He told me, “Liar!”

Indirect: He called me liar.

4.     Direct: He told me, “Congratulations!”

Indirect: He congratulated me

5.     Direct: He said, “Good bye, Rahim.”

Indirect: He bade Rahim good bye.

6.     Direct: “Give me the pen.”

Indirect: The speaker told the person to give him the pen.

Note: Reporting verb bv _vK‡j indirect G subject wn‡m‡e the speaker Ges object wn‡m‡e the person n‡e|